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DAVID HART'S WEBPAGE

 

Defending Liberty against
the Tyranny of THE Church and Civil Power:
The Independent Whig and Cato's Letters (1720-1723)

[Created: 3 May, 2024]
[Updated: 3 May, 2024]

About the Authors

See the main author pages for John Trenchard (1662-1723) and Thomas Gordon (1691-1750).

Aboout this Collection of Texts

In the four years between 1720 and 1723 the English liberal journalists and historians John Trenchard (1662-1723) and Thomas Gordon (1691-1750) wrote nearly an article a week exposing the attacks on liberty by what they called the "Church power" and the "Civil power". They did this firstly under the name of "The Independent Whig" and then "Cato". The two are commonly regarded as being leading exponents of the 18th century "Commonwealthman" tradition. There were a total of 198 such articles.

Gordon "invented" the character of "The Independent Whig" in a series of brief works published in late 1719 and early 1720. They were The Character of an Independent Whig (1719), The Creed of an Independent Whig (1720), Considerations offered upon the approaching Peace being the second part of The independent Whig (1720), and Priestianity, by the Author of the Creed of an Independent Whig (1720). He then joined with his older friend Trenchard in writing a weekly essay simply called "The Independent Whig" which appeared between 20 January 1720 and 4 January 1721 with an introduction, 53 articles, and an appendix. Each essay was published as a pamphlet and sold for two pence. Trenchard wrote 26 essays, Gordon wrote 24, and they jointly wrote 4 more.

The essays were quickly reprinted as a one volume collection in 1721 and 1722 and went through many editions (possibly 8). In the 4th edition of 1728 the collection was given a new and longer title called "The Independent Whig: or, a Defence of Primitive Christianity, and of Our Ecclesiastical Establishment, against The Exorbitant Claims and Encroachments of Fanatical and Disaffected Clergymen". In later editions the original one volume collection was split into two and a third volume was added in 1741 with a further 20 articles which were undated and presumably written after the original "The Independent Whig" had ceased publishing.

In the 7th edition of 1743 (the one we use here) several "Additions and Amendments" were made to the original collection of 54 articles.

The second set of essays first appeared in the London Journal and the British Journal between 1 November, 1720 and 7 December, 1723 and numbered 144 in total. They ostensibly were letters written by "Cato" who needed no introduction to an audience schooled in the Latin classics. The 144 essays were collected and published as a 4 volume set in 1724 and went through many editions. Like their first collaborative effort, their paper had a simple title at first, that of "Cato's Letters". In later editions the title was expanded to "Cato’s Letters, or Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects".

The edition I use here is the 6th corrected edition of 1755. Trenchard wrote 56, Gordon 83, and 4 were jointly written. The "Letters" stopped in 1723, the year Trenchard died.

I have listed here in one place the 198 essays written for these two collections because they share much in common and were produced in a short space of time. I believe they make up a coherent body of thought which is suggested in my title above: "Defending Liberty against the Tyranny of the Church and Civil Power", with "The Independent Whig" focussing more on abuses by the "Church power", and "Cato's Letters" focussing more on abuses by the "Civil power" and economic corruption of privileged private groups.

Further Reading

See the 2 volume Collection of Tracts by Trenchard and Gordon published by Gordon in 1751 which included:

[Thomas Gordon] [1720] "Considerations upon the approaching Peace, and upon the Importance of Gibraltar to the British Empire: being the Second Part of the Independent Whig. By T. Gordon, Esq;", p. I-268 [HTML] <EnglishClassicalLiberals/Gordon/1751-Tracts/index.html#Tracts1-16>

[Thomas Gordon] [1720] "The Character of an Independent Whig. By T. Gordon, Esq;", p . I-311 [HTML] <EnglishClassicalLiberals/Gordon/1751-Tracts/index.html#Tracts1-19>

[Thomas Gordon] [1720] "The Creed of an Independent Whig; with an orthodox Introduction, concerning Canons, Councils, Mysteries, Miracles, and Church Authority. By T. Gordon, Esq"; p. II-370 [HTML] <EnglishClassicalLiberals/Gordon/1751-Tracts/index.html#Tracts2-17>

[Thomas Gordon] [1720] "Priestianity: or, A View of the Disparity between the Apostles and the Modern inferior Clergy. By the Author of The Creed of an Independent Whig". p. II-386 [HTML] <EnglishClassicalLiberals/Gordon/1751-Tracts/index.html#Tracts2-18>

For the complete collection of "The Independent Whig" essays published between 1720 and 1747, see my edition of the "4-volumes-in-1" [HTML] and the sortable table of contents odf the original 1720 version [HTML] .

For the complete collection of "Cato's Letters" published between 1721 and 1723, see my edition of the "4-volumes-in-1" (1755 ed.) [HTML] and the sortable table of contents [HTML].

Note: Clicking on the headings "DATE", "AUTHOR", "TITLE", and "LOCATION" will sort the table accordingly. A second click will reverse the order.

 

 

Texts in the Collection

 

  DATE AUTHOR TITLE LOCATION
  1720-01-20 Gordon The Introduction IW1-001, p. 001
  1720-01-27 Gordon The Design of this Paper IW1-002, p. 009
  1720-02-03 Trenchard and Gordon Of the Contempt of the Clergy IW1-003, p. 016
  1720-02-10 Gordon Of the Explication of the Scripture IW1-004, p. 023
  1720-02-17 Trenchard The Unfitness of the Clergy to teach others IW1-005, p. 030
  1720-02-24 Gordon Of Creeds and Confessions of Faith IW1-006, p. 038
  1720-03-02 Trenchard and Gordon Of uninterrupted Succession IW1-007, p. 046
  1720-03-09 Trenchard and Gordon Of uninterrupted Succession, Part II. IW1-008, p. 055
  1720-03-16 Gordon Of the Clearness of Scripture IW1-009, p. 063
  1720-03-23 Gordon Of Ordination IW1-010, p. 073
  1720-03-30 Trenchard The advantageous Situation of the Clergy, strangely inconsistent with their common Cry of Danger IW1-011, p. 082
  1720-04-06 Trenchard The Enmity of the High Clergy to the Reformation, and their Arts to defeat the End of it IW1-012, p. 090
  1720-04-20 Trenchard The Church proved a Creature of the Civil Power by Acts of Parliament, and the Oaths of the Clergy IW1-013, p. 099
  1720-04-20 Trenchard The Clergy proved to be Creatures of the Civil Power, by the Canons, and their own public Acts IW1-014, p. 108
  1720-04-27 Trenchard The Absurdity and Impossibility of Church Power, as independent on the State IW1-015, p. 115
  1720-05-04 ? The Inconsistency of the Principles and Practices of the High-Church; with some Advice to the Clergy IW1-016, p. 123
  1720-05-11 Collins Reasons why the High-Church are the most wicked of all Men IW1-017, p. 132
  1720-05-18 Gordon A general Idea of Priestcraft IW1-018, p. 141
  1720-05-25 Collins Ecclesiastical Authority, as claimed by the High Clergy, an Enemy to Religion IW1-019, p. 149
  1720-06-01 Gordon Of Chaplains IW1-020, p. 169
  1720-06-08 Collins A Comparison between the High-Church and the Quakers IW1-021, p. 179
  1720-06-15 Trenchard Priestcraft corrupts every thing, and perverts the Use of Words IW1-022, p. 188
  1720-06-22 Gordon Of Zeal IW1-023, p. 197
  1720-06-29 Gordon Of Persecution IW1-024, p. 207
  1720-07-06 Gordon Of Consecration IW1-025, p. 215
  1720-07-13 Gordon Of Faith and Morality IW1-026, p. 224
  1720-07-20 Trenchard Of Fasting</a> IW1-027, p. 232
  1720-07-27 Gordon Of Authority IW1-028, p. 238
  1720-08-03 Trenchard Of Education IW1-029, p. 248
  1720-08-10 Trenchard Of Education, Part II. IW1-030, p. 256
  1720-08-17 Gordon Of Ceremonies IW1-031, p. 262
  1720-08-24 Gordon Of Ceremonies, Part II. IW1-032, p. 272
  1720-08-31 Gordon The Ignorance of the High-Church Vulgar, and its Causes. IW2-033, p. 003
  1720-09-07 Gordon Of Fasting. Part 2. IW2-034, p. 014
  1720-09-14 Gordon Of Reason. IW2-035, p. 024
  1720-09-21 Gordon Of the Peace of the Church. IW2-036, p. 034
  1720-09-28 Collins The Enmity of the High Clergy to the Bible. IW2-037, p. 044
  1720-10-05 Gordon Of Penance and Religious Revellings. IW2-038, p. 053
  1720-10-12 Gordon Priests afraid of Ridicule. IW2-039, p. 062
  1720-10-19 Gordon Of Priestly Cruelty. IW2-040, p. 073
  1720-10-26 Gordon The Folly of the Clergy’s demanding Respect when their Characters are bad: With the Equity of Universal Toleration, and of judging for ourselves. IW2-041, p. 083
  1720-11-02 Collins Of High-Church Atheism. IW2-042, p. 096
  1720-11-09 Collins Of High-Church Atheism. Part 2. IW2-043, p. 105
  1720-11-16 Collins Of High-Church Atheism. Part 3. IW2-044, p. 112
  1720-11-23 Collins Of High-Church Atheism. Part 4. IW2-045, p. 124
  1720-11-30 Collins Of High-Church Atheism. Part 5. IW2-046, p. 134
  1720-12-07 Trenchard No Priests instituted by the Christian Religion. IW2-047, p. 144
  1720-12-14 Trenchard All Priestly Power inconsistent with the Gospel, and renounced by it. IW2-048, p. 154
  1720-12-21 Trenchard The same Subject continued. IW2-049, p. 164
  1720-12-28 Trenchard An Inquiry into Religious Establishments, with a further Confutation of the impious and absurd Claims of High Priests. IW2-050, p. 175
  1720-12-31 Collins Of the Three High Churches in England. IW2-051, p. 192
  1721-01-04 Trenchard An Analogy between Ancient Heathenism and Modern Priestcraft. IW2-052, p. 201
  1721-01-11 Trenchard Priestly Empire founded on the Weaknesses of Human Nature. IW2-053, p. 209
  1721-01-18 Trenchard and Gordon In what only true Religion consists. IW2-054, p. 219
  1720-11-05 Gordon Reasons to prove that we are in no Danger of losing Gibraltar. CL1-001, p. 001
  1720-11-12 Gordon The fatal Effects of the South-Sea Scheme, and the Necessity of punishing the Directors. CL1-002, p. 005
  1720-11-19 Gordon The pestilent Conduct of the South-Sea Directors, with the reasonable Prospect of publick Justice. CL1-003, p. 010
  1720-11-26 Gordon Against false Methods of restoring Publick Credit. CL1-004, p. 015
  1720-12-03 Gordon A further Call for Vengeance upon the South-Sea Plunderers; with a Caution against false Patriots. CL1-005, p. 020
  1720-12-10 Gordon How easily the People are bubbled by Deceivers. Further Caution against deceitful Remedies for the publick Sufferings from the wicked Execution of the South-Sea Scheme. CL1-006, p. 025
  1720-12-17 Gordon Further Cautions about new Schemes for publick Redress. CL1-007, p. 030
  1720-12-24 Gordon The Arts of able guilty Ministers to save themselves. The wise and popular Conduct of Queen Elizabeth towards publick Harpies; with the Application. CL1-008, p. 036
  1720-12-31 Trenchard Against the projected Union of the Three Great Companies; and against remitting to the South-Sea Company any Part of their Debt to the Publick. CL1-009, p. 042
  1721-01-03 Trenchard and Gordon The Iniquity of late and new Projects about the South-Sea considered. How fatally they affect the Publick. CL1-010, p. 051
  1721-01-07 Gordon The Justice and Necessity of punishing great Crimes, though committed against no subsisting Law of the State. CL1-011, p. 066
  1721-01-14 Trenchard Of Treason. All Treasons not to be found in Statutes. The Right of the Legislature to declare Treasons. CL1-012, p. 074
  1721-01-21 Trenchard The Arts of misleading the People by Sounds. CL1-013, p. 083
  1721-01-28 Trenchard The unhappy State of despotick Princes, compared with the happy Lot of such as rule by settled Laws. How the latter, by abusing their Trust, may forfeit their Crown. CL1-014, p. 088
  1721-02-04 Gordon Of Freedom of Speech. That the same is inseparable from publick Liberty. CL1-015, p. 096
  1721-02-11 Gordon The Leaders of Parties, their usual Views. Advice to all Parties to be no longer misled. CL1-016, p. 104
  1721-02-18 Trenchard What Measures are actually taken by wicked and desperate Ministers to ruin and enslave their Country. CL1-017, p. 111
  1721-02-25 Trenchard The terrible Tendency of publick Corruption to ruin a State, exemplified in that of Rome, and applied to our own. CL1-018, p. 117
  1721-03-04 Gordon The Force of popular Affection and Antipathy to particular Men. How powerfully it operates, and how far to be regarded. CL1-019, p. 124
  1721-03-11 Trenchard Of publick Justice, how necessary to the Security and Well-being of a State, and how destructive the Neglect of it to the British Nation. Signal Instances of it. CL1-020, p. 131
  1721-03-18 Gordon A Letter from John Ketch, Esq. asserting his Right to the Necks of the over-grown Brokers. CL1-021, p.144
  1721-03-25 Trenchard and Gordon The Judgment of the People generally sound, where not misled. With the Importance and Probability of bringing over Mr. Knight. CL1-022,  p.153
  1721-04-01 Gordon A memorable Letter from Brutus to Cicero, with an explanatory Introduction. CL1-023, p. 163
  1721-04-08 Gordon Of the natural Honesty of the People, and their reasonable Demands. How important it is to every Government to consult their Affections and Interest. CL1-024, p. 177
  1721-04-15 Gordon Considerations on the destructive Spirit of arbitrary Power. With the Blessings of Liberty, and our own Constitution. CL1-025, p. 184
  1721-04-22 Gordon The sad Effects of general Corruption, quoted from Algernon Sidney, Esq. CL1-026, p. 195
  1721-04-29 Gordon General Corruption, how ominous to the Publick, and how discouraging to every virtuous Man. With its fatal Progress whenever encouraged. CL1-027, p. 202
  1721-05-06 Gordon A Defence of Cato against his Defamers. CL1-028, p. 210
  1721-05-13 Gordon Reflections occasioned by an Order of Council for suppressing certain impious Clubs that were never discovered. CL1-029, p. 218
  1721-05-20 Gordon An excellent Letter from Brutus to Atticus; with an explanatory Introduction. CL1-030, p. 227
  1721-05-27 Gordon Considerations on the Weakness and Inconsistencies of human Nature. CL1-031, p. 237
  1721-06-10 Gordon Reflections upon Libelling. CL1-032, p. 246
  1721-06-17 Gordon Cautions against the natural Encroachments of Power. CL1-033, p. 255
  1721-06-24 Gordon Of Flattery. CL2-034, p. 003
  1721-07-01 Gordon Of publick Spirit. CL2-035, p. 011
  1721-07-08 Gordon Of Loyalty. CL2-036, p. 018
  1721-07-15 Gordon Character of a good and of an evil Magistrate, quoted from Algernon Sidney, Esq. CL2-037, p. 028
  1721-07-22 Gordon The Right and Capacity of the People to judge of Government. CL2-038, p. 034
  1721-07-29 Gordon Of the Passions; that they are all alike good or all alike evil, according as they are applied. CL2-039, p. 043
  1721-08-05 Gordon Considerations on the restless and selfish Spirit of Man. CL2-040, p. 050
  1721-08-19 Gordon The Emperor Galba’s Speech to Piso, with an Introduction. CL2-041, p. 056
  1721-08-26 Gordon Considerations on the Nature of Laws. CL2-042, p. 064
  1721-09-02 Gordon The natural Passion of Men for Superiority. CL2-043, p. 071
  1721-09-09 Gordon Men not ruled by Principle, but by Passion. CL2-044, p. 044
  1721-09-16 Gordon Of the Equality and Inequality of Men. CL2-045, p. 085
  1721-09-23 Gordon Of the false Guises which Men put on, and their ill Effect. CL2-046, p. 091
  1721-10-07 Gordon Of the Frailty and Uncertainty of human Judgment. CL2-047, p. 097
  1721-10-14 Gordon The general unhappy State of the World, ftom the Baseness and Iniquity of its Governors in most Countries. CL2-048, p. 104
  1721-10-21 Gordon Of the Power of Prejudice. CL2-049, p. 112
  1721-10-28 Gordon An Idea of the Turkish Government, taken from Sir Paul Ricaut. CL2-050, p. 120
  1721-11-04 Gordon Popularity no Proof of Merit. CL2-051, p. 128
  1721-11-11 Gordon Of Divine Judgments; the Wickedness and Absurdity of applying them to Men and Events. CL2-052, p. 135
  1721-11-18 Gordon Dr. Prideaux's Reasoning about the Death of Cambyses, examined; whether the same was a Judgment for his killing the Egyptian God Apis. CL2-053, p. 144
  1721-11-25 Gordon The Reasoning of Dr. Prideaux about the Fate of Brennus the Gaul, and of his Followers, examined; whether the same was a Judgment for an Intention to plunder the Temple of Delphos. CL2-054, p. 152
  1721-12-02 Gordon The Lawfulness of killing Julius Caesar considered, and defended, against Dr. Prideaux. CL2-055, p. 165
  1721-12-09 Gordon A Vindication of Brutus, for having killed Caesar. CL2-056, p. 177
  1721-12-16 Gordon Of false Honour, publick and private. CL2-057, p. 192
  1721-12-23 Trenchard, and Gordon Letter from a Lady, with an Answer, about Love, Marriage, and Settlements. CL2-058, p. 201
  1721-12-30 Trenchard Liberty proved to be the unalienable Right of all Mankind. CL2-059, p. 214
  1722-01-06 Trenchard All Government proved to be instituted by Men, and only to intend the general Good of Men. CL2-060, p. 226
  1722-01-13 Trenchard How free Governments are to be framed so as to last, and how they differ from such as are arbitrary. CL2-061, p. 236
  1722-01-20 Gordon An Enquiry into the Nature and Extent of Liberty; with its Loveliness and Advantages, and the vile Effects of Slavery. CL2-062, p. 244
  1722-01-27 Gordon Civil Liberty produces all Civil Blessings, and how; with the baneful Nature of Tyranny. CL2-063, p. 257
  1722-02-03 Trenchard Trade and Naval Power the Offspring of Civil Liberty only, and cannot subsist without it. CL2-064, p. 267
  1722-02-10 Gordon Military Virtue produced and supported by Civil Liberty only. CL2-065, p. 278
  1722-02-17 Gordon Arbitrary Government proved incompatible with true Religion, whether Natural or Revealed. CL2-066, p. 292
  1722-02-24 Gordon Arts and Sciences the Effects of Civil Liberty only, and ever destroyed or oppressed by Tyranny. CL2-067, p. 305
  1722-03-03 Gordon Property and Commerce secure in a free Government only; with the consuming Miseries under simple Monarchies. CL2-068, p. 321
  1722-03-10 Trenchard Address to the Freeholders, &c. about the Choice of their Representatives. CL3-069, p. 003
  1722-03-17 Gordon Second Address to the Freeholders, &c. upon the same Subject. CL3-070, p. 012
  1722-03-31 Gordon Polite Arts and Learning naturally produced in free States, and marred by such as are not free. CL3-071, p. 027
  1722-04-07 Gordon In absolute Monarchies the Monarch seldom rules, but his Creatures instead of him. That Sort of Government a Gradation of Tyrants. CL3-072, p. 041
  1722-04-21 Gordon A Display of Tyranny, its destructive Nature, and Tendency to dispeople the Earth. CL3-073, p. 055
  1722-04-28 Gordon The Vanity of Conquerors, and the Calamities attending Conquests. CL3-074, p. 067
  1722-05-05 Gordon Of the Restraints which ought to be laid upon publick Rulers. CL3-075, p. 075
  1722-05-12 Gordon The same Subject continued. CL3-076, p. 084
  1722-05-19 Trenchard Of superstitious Fears, and their Causes natural and accidental. CL3-077, p. -90
  1722-05-26 Trenchard The common Notion of Spirits, their Power and Feats, exposed. CL3-078, p. 099
  1722-06-02 Trenchard A further Detection of the vulgar Absurdities about Ghosts and Witches. CL3-079, p. 108
  1722-06-09 Trenchard That the two great Parties in England do not differ so much as they think in Principles of Politicks. CL3-080, p. 118
  1722-06-16 Trenchard The Established Church of England in no Danger from Dissenters. CL3-081, p. 125
  1722-06-23 Trenchard The Folly and Characters of such as would overthrow the present Establishment. CL3-082, p. 132
  1722-06-30 Trenchard The vain Hopes of the Pretender and his Party. CL2-083, p. 141
  1722-07-07 Trenchard Property the first Principle of Power. The Errors of our Princes who attended not to this. CL3-084, p. 150
  1722-07-14 Trenchard Britain incapable of any Government but a limited Monarchy; with the Defects of a neighbouring Republick. CL3-085, p. 159
  1722-07-21 Trenchard The terrible Consequences of a War to England, and Reasons against engaging in one. CL3-086, p. 166
  1722-07-28 Trenchard Gold and Silver in a Country to be considered only as Commodities. CL3-087, p. 176
  1722-08-04 Trenchard The Reasonableness and Advantage of allowing the Exportation of Gold and Silver, with the Impossibility of preventing the same. CL3-088, p. 184
  1722-08-11 Trenchard Every Man's true Interest found in the general Interest. How little this is considered. CL3-089, p. 192
  1722-08-18 Trenchard Monopolies and exclusive Companies, how pernicious to Trade. CL3-090, p. 199
  1722-08-25 Trenchard How exclusive Companies influence and hurt our Government. CL3-091, p. 206
  1722-09-01 Trenchard Against the Petition of the South-Sea Company, for a Remittance of Two Millions of their Debt to the Publick. CL3-092, p. 213
  1722-09-08 Gordon An Essay upon Heroes. CL3-093, p. 224
  1722-09-15 Trenchard and Gordon Against Standing Armies. CL3-094, p. 234
  1722-09-22 Trenchard Further Reasonings against Standing Armies. CL3-095, p. 244
  1722-09-29 Gordon Of Parties in England; how they vary, and interchange Characters, just as they are in Power, or out of it, yet still keep their former Names. CL3-096, p. 258
  1722-10-06 Trenchard How much it is the Interest of Governors to use the Governed well; with an Enquiry into the Causes of Disaffection in England. CL3-097, p. 266
  1722-10-13 Trenchard Address to the Members of the House of Commons. CL3-098, p. 275
  1722-10-20 Gordon The important Duty of Attendance in Parliament, recommended to the Members. CL3-099, p. 283
  1722-10-27 Trenchard Discourse upon Libels. CL3-100, p. 292
  1722-11-03 Trenchard Second Discourse upon Libels. CL3-101, p. 300
  1722-11-10 Trenchard The Contemptibleness of Grandeur without Virtue. CL3-102, p. 307
  1722-11-17 Trenchard Of Eloquence, considered politically. CL3-103, p. 313
  1722-11-24 Gordon Of Eloquence, considered philosophically. CL3-104, p. 322
  1722-12-01 Trenchard Of the Weakness of the human Mind; how easily it is misled. CL3-105, p. 330
  1722-12-08 Trenchard Of Plantations and Colonies. CL4-106, p. 003
  1722-12-15 Trenchard Of publick Credit and Stocks. CL4-107, p. 012
  1722-12-22 Trenchard Inquiry into the Source of moral Virtues. CL4-108, p. 024
  1722-12-29 Trenchard Inquiry into the Origin of Good and Evil. CL4-109, p. 031
  1723-01-05 Trenchard Of Liberty and Necessity. CL4-110, p. 038
  1723-01-12 Trenchard The same Subject continued. CL4-111, p. 047
  1723-01-19 Trenchard Fondness for Posterity nothing else but Self-love. Such as are Friends to publick Liberty, are the only true Lovers of Posterity. CL4-112, p. 058
  1723-01-26 Gordon Letter to Cato, concerning his many Adversaries and Answerers. CL4-113, p. 065
  1723-02-02 Trenchard The necessary Decay of Popish States shewn from the Nature of the Popish Religion. CL4-114, p. 073
  1723-02-09 Trenchard The encroaching Nature of Power, ever to be watched and checked. CL4-115, p. 081
  1723-02-16 Trenchard That whatever moves and acts, does so mechanically and necessarily. CL-116, p. 086
  1723-02-23 Gordon Of the Abuse of Words, applied more particularly to the covetous Man and the Bigot. CL4-117, p. 096
  1723-03-02 Gordon Free states vindicated from the common Imputation of Ingratitude. CL4-118, p. 104
  1723-03-09 Gordon The same Subject continued. CL4-119, p. 112
  1723-03-16 Trenchard Of the proper Use of Words. CL4-120, p. 118
  1723-03-23 Gordon Of Good Breeding. CL4-121, p. 126
  1723-03-30 Trenchard Inquiry concerning the Operations of the Mind of Man, and those of other Animals. CL4-122, p. 133
  1723-04-06 Gordon Inquiry concerning Madness, especially religious Madness, called Enthusiasm. CL4-123, p. 144
  1723-04-13 Trenchard Further Reasonings upon Enthusiasm. CL4-124, p. 152
  1723-04-20 Gordon The Spirit of the Conspirators, Accomplices with Dr. Atterbury, in 1723, considered and exposed. CL4-125, p. 163
  1723-04-27 Gordon Address to those of the Clergy who are fond of the Pretender and his Cause. CL4-126, p. 173
  1723-05-04 Gordon The same Address continued. CL4-127, p. 181
  1723-05-11 Trenchard Address to such of the Laity as are Followers of the disaffected Clergy, and of their Accomplices. CL4-128, p. 188
  1723-05-18 Gordon The same Address continued. CL4-129, p. 197
  1723-05-25 Trenchard The same Address continued. CL4-130, p. 207
  1723-06-01 Gordon Of Reverence true and false. CL4-131, p. 216
  1723-06-08 Trenchard Inquiry into the Doctrine of Hereditary Right. CL4-132, p. 225
  1723-06-15 Trenchard Of Charity, and Charity-Schools. CL4-133, p. 236
  1723-06-29 Gordon What small and foolish Causes often misguide and animate the Multitude. CL4-134, p. 247
  1723-07-06 Gordon Inquiry into the indelible Character claimed by some of the Clergy. CL4-135, p. 254
  1723-07-13 Trenchard The Popish Hierarchy deduced in a great Measure from that of the Pagans. CL4-136, p. 265
  1723-07-20 Trenchard Of the different and absurd Notions which Men entertain of God. CL4-137, p. 274
  1723-07-27 Trenchard and Gordon Cato's Farewell. CL4-138, p. 281
  1723-08-24 Gordon That ambitious Princes rule and conquer only for their own Sakes; illustrated in a Dialogue between Alexander the Great and a Persian. CL4-a1, p. 291
  1723-09-14 Gordon Considerations upon the Condition of an absolute Prince. CL4-a2, p. 299
  1723-11-02 Gordon The same Subject continued. CL4-a3, p. 305
  1723-11-09 Trenchard The same Subject continued. CL4-a4, p. 314
  1723-11-30 Gordon Considerations upon the Condition of Prime Ministers of State. CL4-a5, p. 322
  1723-12-07 Gordon The same Subject continued. CL4-a6, p. 328