Topic – The History of the Classical Liberal Tradition

Revised: 27 June 2026

Introduction | Further Reading

Introduction

I have have lectured and written on the history of the classsical liberal tradition over a period of 40 years (beginning in 1986). This page gathers this material into a better organised format. The table below organises my material into the follwing categories:

  1. The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Series of Lectures
  2. The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Series of Blog Posts
  3. The Great Books of Liberty
  4. The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Reader
  5. 600 Quotations about Liberty and Power
  6. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism (2008)
  7. A Collection of Legal and Political Documents about Liberty

Other items of interest:

  1. See my main list of Essays, Papers, and Talks (e.g. sort by "Type" for "Course", "Lecture", "Talk") – [here]
  2. See the list of my Blog Posts at "Reflections on Liberty & Power" [here] and [here].
  3. Topic: Images of Liberty and Power [here]
  4. Topic: Liberty in Film and Fiction [here]
  5. Topic: War and Peace in Art and Film [here]

Further Reading

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Titian, “Sisyphus” (1548)

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Title Page of the
“Liberal Europe”
course guide (1987)

The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Series of Lectures

I have written a series of lectures and blog posts (see below) which provide a survey of The Classical Liberal Tradition: A 400 Year History of People, Ideas, and Movements for Reform. This lecture/seminar series and related blog posts has evolved evolved over the years. The most recent version was updated in 2022:

  • Part 1: Twelve Key Concepts of Liberty – [here]
    • A Concept Map showing the key ideas of the Classical Liberal tradition – [PDF] and [JPG]
  • Part 2: Ideological Movements and Key Political Events – [here]
  • Part 3: Quotations about Liberty and Power – [here]
  • Lecture outline and recommended readings – [here]
    • An Overview in 1,700 words
    • Introduction: What is Liberalism?
    • Liberalism and the State
    • Liberal Ideas
    • Key Individuals, Texts, and Movements for Reform
    • A Balance Sheet of Liberal Successes and Failures
    • Strategies to achieve Liberal Reforms
    • Some Recommended Reading

In addition to material I have created and/or edited myself I have made much use of the Cato Institute’s Enclyclopedia of Libertarianism (2008) which has many excellent biographical and historical entries about the classical liberal tradition (see below for detals and this blog post "The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism (2008)" (6 December, 2020)).

  • Readings from the EoL on "Key Ideas" and "Key Movements and People" [here]

University courses I have taught on CL ideas and movements – see course details [here]:

  1. “Liberal Europe and Social Change, 1815-1914” (1987-1996): for ten years I taught an upper level course on the combined impact of the "Great Emancipation" (my term) and the "Great Enrichment" (McCloskey) which accompanied it: see the course guide for 1987 [PDF 10.2 MB]; the course guide for 1988 [HTML]; and my extensive lecture notes for 1990 [HTML]
  2. “The Enlightenment: Ideas of Criticism and Reform in an International Context” (1990): an Honours level course – see the course guide for 1990.
  3. “Revolution(s) and the Struggle for Emancipation in Europe: The Long 19th Century, 1789-1914” (1998-99): a semester-length course – Lecture Notes and Seminar Reading Guide
  4. “The Old Regime, Enlightenment, and Revolution in the 18th Century” (2000): a 3 week “module” in a team-taught first year subject – Lecture Notes and Seminar Reading Guide
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A Phrygian Cap of the freed slave from the French Revolutionary period.

 

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The Key Ideas of Classical Liberal Thought (see a larger image)

 

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The functions of the classical liberal state (see a larger image)

 

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A new "left-right" political spectrum 1
(see a larger image)

 

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A new "left-right" political spectrum 2
(see a larger image)

The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Series of Blog Posts

An Overview

  1. “The History of Classical Liberalism in 1,730 words (and one picture)” (11 Aug. 2021) here. [Revised 12 Apr. 2022.]
  2. “The Classical Liberal Tradition – A 400 Year History of IdeasaAnd Movements: Lecture/Seminar Outline” (22 Apr. 2022) here
  3. “Twelve Key Concepts of Liberty” (25 Apr. 2022) here
  4. “Liberty as the Sum of All Freedoms” (26 April, 2022) here

Recommended Reading

  1. “The Classical Liberal Tradition: A 400 Year History of Ideas and Movements. An Introductory Reading List” (20 May, 2021) here [Updated: 22 Apr. 2022]
  2. “One Volume Surveys of Classical Liberal Thought” (11 Jan. 2021) here

The Many Faces of Liberalism:

  1. “The Multi-Dimensionality of Classical Liberalism” (19 April, 2022) here
  2. “Plotting Liberty: The Multi-Dimensionality of Classical Liberalism and the Need for a New ‘Left-Right’ Political Spectrum” Reflections on Liberty and Power (17 April, 2022) here
  3. “ ‘Hyphenated’ Liberalism and the Problem of Definition” (9 Aug. 2021) here
  4. “Hyphenated Liberalism Part II: Utopian, Democratic, Revolutionary, and State Liberalism” (12 Oct. 2021) here
  5. “The Conservative and Revolutionary Faces of Classical Liberalism” (11 Aug. 2021) here
  6. “How Modern Day CL/Libertarians Differ From “Classical” Classical Liberals” (24 Aug. 2021) here
  7. “The Incoherence and Contradictions inherent in Modern Liberal Parties (and one in particular)” (21 Oct. 2021) here
  8. “The Myth of a liberal ‘Australian Way of Life’” (20 June 2021) here
  9. “On the (im)Possibility of finding a “Third Way” between Liberalism and Socialism” (19 Apr. 2022) here

Classical Liberals on the Role and Power of the State:

  1. “The Spectrum of State Power: or a New Way of Looking at the Political Spectrum” (10 Aug., 2021) here. [Updated: 25 Apr. 2022.]
  2. “Classical Liberals on the Size and Functions of the State” (10 Aug. 2021) here. [Updated: 25 Apr. 2022.]

What CLs were FOR and AGAINST:

  1. “What Classical Liberals were Against” (12 Aug. 2021) here
  2. “The Key Ideas of Classical Liberalism: Foundations, Processes, Liberties” (23 June, 2015) here – revised version 26 Apr. 2022.
  3. “What Classical Liberals were For” (13 Aug. 2021) here
  4. “What CLs were For – Part 2: Ends and Means” (19 Oct., 2021) here

CL Visions of the Future Free Society:

  1. “Classical Liberal Visions of the Future I” (27 August, 2021) here
  2. “Classical Liberal Visions of the Future II: The Contribution of Gustave de Molinari (1819-1912)” (29 Aug. 2021) here
  3. “Classical Liberal Visions of the Future III: Liberal Experiments, Frameworks, and Archipelagos” (11 Oct. 2021) here
  4. “Hayek on a Liberal Utopia” (11 Sept. 2021) here

CL Movements and Crusades for Liberty:

  1. “Classical Liberal Movements: A Four Hundred Year History” (17 Aug. 2021) here
  2. “Classical Liberalism as a Revolutionary Ideology of Emancipation” (13 Oct. 2021) here
  3. “Classical Liberalism as the Philosophy of Emancipation II: The “True Radical Liberalism” of Peter Boettke” (17 Oct. 2021) here
  4. “The History of the “Great Liberal Emancipation” 1750-1914” (5 January, 2022) here

CL’s Successes and Failures:

  1. “The Success of Liberal Ideas has led to the Decline of Radical Liberal Parties” (6 Sept. 2021) here
  2. “A Balance Sheet of the Success and Failures of Classical Liberalism” (21 Apr. 2022) here

The threats to liberty and strategies to counter them:

  1. “The Negative Political Party” (11 July, 2022) here
  2. “On Making the Argument/s for Liberty” (10 July, 2022) here
  3. “The Threats to Liberty Part 2: The Size and Power of the State” (7 July, 2022) here
  4. “The “Big Picture”: Part 1" (7 July 2022) here
  5. “The “Big Picture”: Part 2” (7 July 2022) here
  6. “The Threats to Liberty Part 1: Government Expenditure” (29 June, 2022) here
  7. “The Prospects for Liberty: The Threats it faces and how to counter them” (23 March, 2022) here

The state of liberty and liberalism in Australia and elsewhere:

  1. “Liberty in Australia and the Asia-Pacific Region” (5 July, 2022) here
  2. “Some Thoughts on the May 2022 Federal Election in Australia” (26 May 2022) here
  3. "On the “Linoleum Party” (LINO): “The Incoherence and Contradictions inherent in Modern Liberal Parties (and one in particular)” (21 Oct. 2021) here
  4. “The Myth of a liberal ‘Australian Way of Life’” (20 June 2021) here
  5. "The State of the Libertarian Movement after 50 Years (1970-2020): Some Observations" (25 March, 2021) here
  6. “The Presumption of Government Failure” (1 Jan. 2021) here
  7. “What is to be Done? The Rise of Hygiene Socialism and the Prospects for Liberty” (2 December, 2020) here
  8. “The Work of Sisyphus: the Urgent Need for Intellectual Change” (25 April, 2020) here
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Jonathan Swift, “The Battle of the Books” (abc)

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Herbert Spencer, Social Statics (1851)

The Great Books of Liberty

The Guillaumin Collection

I have named my collection of classic works about liberty and power the “Guillaumin Collection” in honour of the French publishing firm run by Gilbert-Urbain Guillaumin (1801-64) and his two daughters Félicité and Pauline, which published some 2,359 books, journals, dictionaries, and encyclopedias between 1837 and 1910 (see full list), and thus played a central role in the emergence of the “Paris School” of political economy (my paper and a list of key texts).

The books in the “Guillaumin Collection” are some of the most important works in the development of the classical liberal / libertarian tradition (see also my list of “The Great Books of Liberty”). My aim is to create a “near replica” of the original classic text which can be used for scholarly purposes, either by being read online or downloaded for personal use. The texts are in their original language (English, French, German, and Latin), and are based upon either the first edition (such as Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) ) or the last edition published in the author’s lifetime (such as Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments (the 1st ed. appeared in 1759; the final revised edition appeared in 1790)). In addition, there is a facsimile PDF of the original text for those who wish to see an “actual replica” of the text. 

These books have been richly coded and have some features which scholars will find useful, such as the original page numbers of the text and a citation tool for scholars .

As of May 2026 there were 241 works in the Guillaumin Collection

 

One Volume Surveys of Classical Liberal Thought

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries classical liberals became self-conscious that they were advocating an entire worldview (Weltanschauung) of political, economic, and social relationships in general which was

  • based upon a small group of basic ideas
  • consistent internally,
  • comprehensive in its scope
  • different from other worldviews (such as socialism), and
  • which could be articulated in one volume

On this page [here] I have collected 8 examples of these one volume surveys.

 

The Great Books of Liberty: A Personal Selection

Here is a collection of 20 of my personal favourites. [here]

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New Playing Cards for the French Republic (1793-94): Liberty of the Press – Motto: “Enlightenment”

The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Reader

The Classical Liberal Tradition: A Reader on Individual, Economic, and Political Liberty with a 100 or so chapter-length items to date. Each extract is accompanied by an introduction. [here]. I developed this Reader when I was Director of the Online Library of Liberty Project at Liberty Fund. It was designed to be a larger, online version of the excellent collection edited by David Boaz,The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Readings from Lao-Tzu to Milton Friedman, ed. David Boaz (New York: The Free Press, 1997).

The collection consists of chapter-length extracts from some of the key works in the Classical Liberal tradition, grouped into a dozen key topics. The original edition of the Reader had a brief introduction by the editor which was followed by the bibliographic details of the book, and a link to the extract, either at the OLL website or other external websites. There were 96 pieces in the main collection. Some of the links have been changed and I have not had the time to correct them. The Reader is divided into the following sections:

  • Part I: Scepticism about Power
  • Part II: The Basic Principles
  • Part III: Political Liberty
  • Part IV: Economic Liberty
  • Part V: Individual Liberty
  • Part VI: War and Peace
  • Part VII: Key Legal and Political Documents
  • Part VIII: The History of Liberty and Power
  • Part IX: The Literature of Liberty
  • Part X: The Critique of Socialism and Interventionism
  • Part XI: The Ruling Class and the State
  • Part XII: Visions of the Future
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New Playing Cards for the French Republic (1793-94): Liberty of the Professions – Motto: “Industry”

600 Quotations about Liberty and Power

I compiled this collection of 600 quotations about liberty and power over a 15 year period 2004-2018 for the Liberty Fund’s Online Library of Liberty of which I was the founding Director. It was designed to show the range of thinking about the 30 or so topics listed below, as well as to provide an entry point to the full text in order to allow the reader to explore the topic more deeply. This collection of shorter pieces is organised into 30 topics. Each quotation has a brief commentary. The OLL has broken the links back to the specific paragraph where the quotation is located. The link still takes you eventually to the whole text. From there you will have to navigate to the quote yourself. Sorry!

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The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism (2008)

The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Editor-in-Chief Ronald Hamowy. Assistant Editors Jason Kuznicki and Aaron Steelman. Consulting Editor Deirdre McCloskey. Founding and Consulting Editor Jeffrey D. Schultz.(Los Angeles: Sage, 2008. A Project of the Cato Institute). Ronald Hamowy’s Encyclopedia of Libertarianism (Cato Institute, 2008) was an important work which brought together into one volume a survey of the modern libertarian movement which covered the key ideas, historical events and political movements, as well as policy matters. It was eventually put online and I linked to many of its its entries for my lectures and teaching guides on the classical liberal tradtiion. It has been reorganised online several times and thus links have been changed and some broken. I have made my own table of contents of the enrtries which have been organised into themes and topics. This this sortable table [HTML].

I was a minor contributor to the project for which I wrote several biographcial articles on French classical liberals.

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Magna Carta

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The Dunlap broadside edition of the Declaration of Independence (see a larger image)

A Collection of Legal and Political Documents about Liberty

Various authors, On Limiting the Power of the State: A Collection of Petitions, Charters, Decrees, and Declarations of Rights and Liberties (1215-1848) (The Pittwater Free Press, 2024). A collection of 25 key documents in the history of the evolution of our individual, political, and economic rights, here

This is a collection of 25 key documents in the history of the evolution of our individual, political, and economic rights. It is modelled on, although much larger than, the French Civil Code and the Cato Institute’s The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States (The Pocket Constitution), the idea of which was to enable every citizen to carry in their pocket a summary of the rights which they enjoyed under the law. When challenged by an overly officious government employee, the citizen could pull out the pocket book of rights and recite the constitutional chapter and verse to defend their rights. This collection takes a longer term view than the above mentioned pocket guides, stretching back to the English Magna Carta (1215), and a more international perspective, in which our modern understanding of rights encompasses the historical experience of England, the American colonies and early republic, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France during and immediately after its revolution.

Given the lack of a Bill of Rights or a Declaration of Independence in the Commonwealth of Australia I wrote my own for "Australia Day" 26 January 2026. See:

  1. “A Declaration of Independence from the State” (26 January, 2026) [enhanced HTML and PDF]
  2. “A New Bill of Rights and the Enumerated Powers of a Limited Government” (26 January, 2026) [enhanced HTML]